Videolaringoscopia en el abordaje de la vía aérea durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 / Videolaryngoscopy for airway management during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: A finales del año 2019 se reportaron casos de neumonía atípica en Wuhan provocados por un nuevo coronavirus. La intubación endotraqueal puede causar contaminación del personal de salud. Las pautas recientes prefieren la videolaringoscopia porque aumenta las posibilidades de intubación y evita del contacto cercano con el paciente. Objetivos: Describir el abordaje de la vía aérea con videolaringoscopia en pacientes con COVID-19 e identificar las principales complicaciones aparecidas durante la intubación endotraqueal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, en el periodo de diciembre de 2020 a febrero de 2021, en el Centro Médico Naval de la Ciudad de México. El universo estuvo conformado por 178 pacientes con COVID-19 que requirieron intubación endotraqueal. Se tomó una muestra de 103 pacientes los cuales fueron atendidos por los médicos cubanos. Resultados: Los pacientes mayores de 60 años representaron el 63,1 por ciento de los casos y el sexo masculino el 65 por ciento El 42,1 por ciento tuvieron un predictor de vía aérea difícil y el 30,1 por ciento, dos o más predictores. Se visualizó completamente la glotis en el 39,8 por ciento de los casos y, parcialmente, en un 57,3 por ciento. La intubación al primer intento se logró en el 73,8 por ciento. Las principales complicaciones encontradas fueron la desaturación (33 por ciento) y la hipotensión arterial (37,9 por ciento). Conclusiones: La videolaringoscopia podría mejorar la visualización de la apertura glótica y la intubación endotraqueal al primer intento. La desaturación y la hipotensión arterial fueron complicaciones que podrían esperarse en los pacientes con la COVID-19 durante este procedimiento(AU)

Introduction: At the end of 2019, cases of atypical pneumonia were reported in Wuhan caused by a new coronavirus. Endotracheal intubation may cause contamination of healthcare personnel. According to recent guidelines, videolaryngoscopy is preferred, because it increases the chances of intubation and avoids close contact with the patient. Objectives: To describe airway management with videolaryngoscopy in patients with COVID-19 and to identify the main complications that appeared during endotracheal intubation. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, in the period from December 2020 to February 2021, at the Naval Medical Center in Mexico City. The universe consisted of 178 patients with COVID-19 who required endotracheal intubation. A sample of 103 patients was taken, who were cared for by Cuban doctors. Results: Patients older than 60 years represented 63.1 percent of the cases, while the male sex represented 65 percent. 42.1 percent had one predictor of difficult airway and 30.1 percent had two or more predictors. The glottis was visualized fully in 39.8 percent of cases and partially in 57.3 percent. Intubation on the first attempt was achieved in 73.8 percent. The main complications found were desaturation (33 percent) and arterial hypotension (37.9 percent). Conclusions: Videolaryngoscopy could improve visualization of the glottic opening and endotracheal intubation on the first attempt. Desaturation and hypotension were complications that could be expected in COVID-19 patients during this procedure(AU)

Recent Development of Computer Vision Technology to Improve Capsule Endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a preferred diagnostic method for analyzing small bowel diseases. However, capsule endoscopes capture a sparse number of images because of their mechanical limitations. Post-procedural management using computational methods can enhance image quality. Additional information, including depth, can be obtained by using recently developed computer vision techniques. It is possible to measure the size of lesions and track the trajectory of capsule endoscopes using the computer vision technology, without requiring additional equipment. Moreover, the computational analysis of CE images can help detect lesions more accurately within a shorter time. Newly introduced deep leaning-based methods have shown more remarkable results over traditional computerized approaches. A large-scale standard dataset should be prepared to develop an optimal algorithms for improving the diagnostic yield of CE. The close collaboration between information technology and medical professionals is needed.

Estudio de intestino delgado: experiencia en el uso de Cápsula Patency en la prevención de retención de Video-cápsula Endoscópica / Small bowel study: experience using Patency Capsule for prevention of video capsule endoscopy retention

Introduction: Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a useful test for the evaluation of the small bowel mucosa. The main complication of VCE is retention, so in patients with risk factors it is recommended to evaluate the permeability of the digestive tract with Patency Capsule (PC). We describe patients evaluated with PC before the study with VCE. Methods: Descriptive observational study of 96 patients referred for VCE. A clinical survey and images identified that 7 of these patients (7.3%) had retention risk factors, so they were previously requested PC. Results: 2 of the 7 patients evaluated with PC did not excrete the device, so the use of VCE was contraindicated; the subsequent study concluded Crohn's disease (CD) and jejunal stenosis due to retractable mesenteritis in these cases. Of the remaining 89 patients, not evaluated with PC, 1 (1.1%) developed retention of the VCE at an ulcerated stenosis, and was subsequently diagnosed as CD. Conclusion: In our study, we confirmed the usefulness of PC as a method to assess the risk of retention of VCE in patients with risk factors for ID stenosis.

Introducción: La video-cápsula endoscópica (VCE) es un examen útil para el estudio de patologías del intestino delgado (ID). La principal complicación de la VCE es la retención, por lo que en pacientes con factores de riesgo se recomienda evaluar la permeabilidad del tubo digestivo con Cápsula Patency (CP). Se presenta una serie de casos evaluados con CP previo al estudio con VCE. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de 96 pacientes derivados para realización de VCE. Mediante encuesta clínica e imágenes se identificó que 7 de estos pacientes (7,3%) tenían factores de riesgo de retención, por lo que se les solicitó previamente CP. Resultados: 2 de los 7 pacientes evaluados con CP no expulsaron el dispositivo por lo que se contraindicó el uso de VCE; el estudio posterior concluyó Enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y estenosis yeyunal por mesenteritis retráctil en estos dos casos. De los 89 pacientes restantes, no evaluados con CP, 1 (1,1%) presentó retención de la VCE a nivel de una estenosis ulcerada diagnosticada posteriormente como EC. Conclusión: En nuestra casuística se confirma la utilidad de la CP como un método para evaluar el riesgo de retención de VCE en pacientes con factores de riesgo de estenosis de ID.

Retención de cápsula endoscópica en enfermedad de Crohn ¿cómo manejarla? / Retained capsule endoscopy in Crohn´s disease: how to manage it?

Capsule endoscopy is a technique that allows the study of the small intestine, through a device that is swallowed by the patient, capturing images as it travels through the digestive tract. Capsule retention is the most serious complication. We report the case of a 69 year-old male presenting with iron deficiency anemia, with normal upper endoscopy and colonoscopy; but obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was diagnosed and therefore a study with capsule endoscopy was requested. The patient evolves with retained capsule in the small intestine with ulcerated stenosis as shown by imaging. This finding was confirmed by enteroscopy with biopsy, without being able to extract the capsule. Medical management with corticosteroids was indicated for intestinal obstruction secondary to inflammatory stenosis in the context of Crohn's disease: The capsule was expelled after 21 days of ingestion, with a positive outcome

La cápsula endoscópica es una técnica que permite el estudio del intestino delgado, mediante un dispositivo que es deglutido por el paciente y captura imágenes en su recorrido por el tubo digestivo. La complicación más grave es la retención de la cápsula. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 69 años con anemia ferropénica, con endoscopia alta y colonoscopia normal; planteándose sangrado gastrointestinal de origen oscuro por lo que se solicita estudio con cápsula endoscópica. El paciente evoluciona con retención de la cápsula en intestino delgado, visualizándose en las imágenes la presencia de estenosis ulcerada, hallazgo que se confirma mediante enteroscopia con toma de biopsias, sin lograr extraer la cápsula. Se indica manejo médico con corticoides por obstrucción intestinal secundario a estenosis inflamatoria en contexto de enfermedad de Crohn, expulsando espontáneamente la cápsula al día 21 de su ingestión, sin complicaciones.

Retención de cápsula endoscópica en un paciente con sospecha de enfermedad de Crohn / Endoscopic capsule retention in a patient with clinical suspicion of Crohn's disease

The endoscopic capsule is classically used in the study of occult bleeding, but has recently been shown to be useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of Crohn's disease. The retention of the capsule is the most frequent complication related to its use. We report the case of a 30-year-old male patient with recurrent abdominal pain and suspected Crohn's disease. A procedure with a video endoscopic capsule was performed; twelve hours after its ingestion, the patient goes to the emergency department due to worsening of the pain. Abdominal and pelvic CT demonstrates multiple areas of segmental parietal thickening of the ileum and a metallic foreign body in an area of stenosis corresponding to the retained endoscopic capsule. It evolves with persistent pain despite pharmacological therapy. Subsequently it is extracted by enteroscopy. The indications and risks of the use of the endoscopic video capsule, and the clinical and imaging factors predictive of retention are discussed.

La video cápsula endoscópica se utiliza clásicamente en el estudio de sangrado oculto, pero últimamente se ha demostrado su utilidad en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la enfermedad de Crohn. La retención de la cápsula es la complicación más frecuente relacionada a su uso. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 30 años con dolor abdominal recurrente y sospecha de enfermedad de Crohn. Dentro del estudio se le realiza una video cápsula endoscópica; doce horas posteriores a su ingesta consulta en el servicio de urgencia por empeoramiento del dolor. La tomografía computada de abdomen y pelvis demuestra múltiples áreas de engrosamiento parietal segmentarias del íleon y un cuerpo extraño metálico en un área de estenosis, correspondiente a la cápsula endoscópica retenida. Evoluciona con persistencia del dolor pese a la terapia farmacológica. Posteriormente se procede a su extracción mediante enteroscopia. Se discuten las indicaciones y riesgos del uso de la video cápsula endoscópica, y los factores clínicos e imagenológicos predictores de retención.

Sangrado del intestino delgado: enfoque y tratamiento / Small Bowel Bleeding: Approach and Treatment

Resumen Actualmente, se pueden identificar lesiones del intestino delgado que antes eran inaccesibles. La principal herramienta diagnóstica es la videocápsula endoscópica por el alto valor predictivo negativo. Con los avances en los métodos endoscópicos, la clasificación del sangrado gastrointestinal ha cambiado. Es así como la definición del sangrado oscuro, que antes incluía al originado en el intestino delgado, se ha relegado cuando su origen no se puede identificar tras la realización de una esofagogastroduodenoscopia, colonoscopia y estudios del tracto digestivo medio, tales como videocápsula endoscópica, enteroscopia de empuje, enteroscopia profunda, enteroscopia intraoperatoria, enterorresonancia, enterotomografía, angiografía y gammagrafía.

Abstract Intestinal lesions that were previously inaccessible can now be identified. The most important new diagnostic tool is the endoscopic videocapsule because of its high negative predictive value. With advances in endoscopic methods, the classification of gastrointestinal bleeding has changed so that definition of occult and obscure bleeding that previously included bleeding originating in the small intestine has been relegated to cases for which the origin cannot be identified after performing esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy and studies of the middle digestive tract such as endoscopic videocapsule, push enteroscopy, deep enteroscopy , intraoperative enteroscopy, MRI enterography, CT enterography, angiography and scintigraphy.

Enfermedad de Crohn fibroestenótica en íleon medio como manifestación inicial de la enfermedad. Reporte de un caso / A Case Report of Fibro-Stenotic Crohn's Disease in the Middle Ileum as the Initial Manifestation

Resumen La enfermedad de Crohn (EC) es una enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal que puede afectar todo el tracto gastrointestinal; el intestino delgado es el segmento afectado en cerca del 50% de los pacientes, en los cuales el íleon terminal es el área más comúnmente comprometida por la enfermedad. Las estenosis intestinales son una complicación frecuente en la EC y aproximadamente 30% a 50% de los pacientes presentan estenosis o lesiones penetrantes al momento del diagnóstico. Las técnicas endoscópicas convencionales no permiten evaluar las lesiones del intestino delgado; es por esto que se desarrollaron técnicas como la enteroscopia y la videocápsula endoscópica, teniendo cada una de ellas sus ventajas e indicaciones. Se presenta un caso de un paciente con EC con fibroestenosis localizada en el íleon medio. No es una localización frecuente para este tipo de lesiones.

Abstract Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract. The small intestine is affected in about 50% of patients among whom the terminal ileum is the area most commonly affected. Intestinal stenosis is a common complication in CD and approximately 30% to 50% of patients present stenosis or penetrating lesions at the time of diagnosis. Because conventional endoscopic techniques do not allow evaluation of small bowel lesions, techniques such as enteroscopy and endoscopic video-capsule were developed. Each has advantages and indications. We present the case of a patient with CD with localized fibrostenosis in the middle ileum which is not a frequent site for this type of lesion.

A retenção da cápsula endoscópica e suas situações de risco: análise em 215 exames consecutivos e revisão das condutas de prevenção e tratamento / The retention of the endoscopic capsule and its risk situations: analysis in 215 consecutive exams and review of the prevention and treatment conduits

Introdução: lesões estenosantes do intestino delgado (ID), e suas neoplasias em especial, são patologias de difícil diagnóstico. A Cápsula Endoscópica (CE) representou notável avanço no reconhecimento das mesmas. Porém a retenção da CE nestas lesões estenosantes representa risco potencial que deve sempre ser evitado. Objetivo: efetuar uma revisão dos aspectos preventivos das situações em que a CE pode vir a ficar retida, das condutas terapêuticas quando a retenção ocorre e, principalmente, analisar, numa sequência de 215 exames com a CE, quais as situações que representaram risco de retenção e quais aquelas em que realmente houve a retenção. Casuística: 215 exames endoscópicos consecutivos do delgado com a cápsula foram objetos de análise. Material e Métodos: endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) e colonoscopia (CO) foram os exames que todos os 215 pacientes efetuaram antes de se submeterem ao exame da CE. Diversas foram as indicações dos exames com a CE, mas 85% deles foram indicados por hemorragia digestiva de causa obscura (sangramento digestivo com EDA e CO negativas) ou anemia de causa a investigar. Nenhum paciente apresentava queixas ou sinais de suboclusão antes de efetuar o exame. A CE utilizada em todos os pacientes foi da marca GIVEN (Yokenan, Israel), modelos M2A e PillCam SB. Foi considerada retida a CE que, após três semanas da realização do exame, não havia sido eliminada, e exame radiológico comprovava sua presença no intestino delgado. Resultados: 141 lesões foram identificadas nestes 215 exames com a CE, sendo 112 delas no intestino delgado e 29 fora do delgado. Em 26,6% (37 casos) dos 112 casos com lesões no delgado, havia alterações que promoviam algum grau de estreitamento da luz do delgado, a saber: 10 casos de neoplasia maligna (3 linfomas, 2 adenocarcinomas, 2 casos de metástases de melanoma, 2 casos de tumor carcinoide e 1 tumor estromal ­ GIST), 8 casos de Doença de Crohn, 4 casos de úlcera/estenose por uso de AINES, 1 caso de enterite actínica e 14 casos de pólipos do delgado de diâmetro suficiente para promover algum grau de estreitamento luminar. Nestes 38 casos, em 5 deles (13,4%) a CE ficou retida: 2 casos de Doença de Crohn, 2 casos de estenose e úlcera por uso de AINES e 1 caso de enterite actínica. Conclusões: estreitamento do lúmen do intestino delgado pode ter diversas causas, algumas reversíveis outras não, algumas progressivas, outras estáveis, e muitas delas, dependendo de sua causa e de seu grau, podem promover a retenção da CE. As causas de retenção observadas nesta casuística vão ao encontro com as principais causas de retenção apresentadas na literatura e destaca-se o fato de que, dos 10 casos de neoplasia, em nenhum deles a CE ficou retida.

Introduction: stenosing Injury of small intestine (ID), and their tumors in particular, are difficult to diagnose diseases. Endoscopic capsule (EC) represented notable advance in the recognition of same. However the EC in these stenosing lesions represents a potential risk that should always be avoided. Objective: to carry out a review of the preventive aspects of the situations where the EC could be retained, the therapeutical when retention occurs, and, mainly, to analyze, in a sequence of 215 cases with the EC, which the situations that represented retention risk and what those in which really happened to retention. Series: endoscopic examinations of 215 consecutive exams with the capsule were objects of analysis. Material and methods: upper gastrointestinal Endoscopy (UGE) and colonoscopy (CO) were the tests that all 215 patients effected before undergoing the examination. Several were the indications of the exam with the EC, but 85% of them were nominated by obscure cause gastrointestinal bleeding (digestive bleeding with UGE and CO negative) or to investigate cause anemia. No patient presented complaints or sub-oclusion signs before the exam. The EC used in all patients was of the mark GIVEN (Yokenan, Israel), M2A models and PillCam SB .Was considered retained the EC that, after three weeks of the completion of the examination, had not been eliminated, and radiological examination proved their presence in the small intestine. Results: 141 lesions were identified in these exams with 215 EC, 112 of them in the small intestine and 29 out of small intestine. In 26.6% (37 cases) of 112 cases with injuries in small intestine, there were changes that were promoting some degree of narrowing of the light of small intestine, namely: 10 cases of malignant neoplasm (3 adenocarcinomas , 2 lymphomas, 2 cases of metastasis of melanoma, 2 cases of carcinoid tumor and 1 stromal tumor-GIST), 8 cases of Crohn's disease, 4 cases of ulcer/stenosis by use of NSAIDS, 1 case of Actinic enteritis and 14 cases of polyps of small intestine of a suitable diameter to promote some degree of narrowing luminary. In these 38 cases, in 5 of them (13.4%) the EC was retained: 2 cases of Crohn's disease, 2 cases of stenosis and ulcers by use of NSAIDS and 1 case of Actinic enteritis. Conclusions: Narrowing of the lumen of the small intestine can have several causes, some not, some other reversible progressive other stable, and many of them, depending on their cause and their degree, can promote EC retention. The causes of observed retention in this series meet with the main causes of retention presented in the literature and highlights the fact that the 10 cases of neoplasia, in none of them the EC was retained.

Nueva técnica de diagnóstico y tratamiento en intestino delgado en Uruguay: primeras 20 enteroscopías de doble balón / New diagnostic and treatment technique in the small intestine in Uruguay. First 20 double balloon enteroscopies

Introducción: la video cápsula endoscópica (VCE) y la enteroscopía de doble balón (EDB) han cambiado radicalmente el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las patologías del intestino delgado (ID). Objetivo: valorar la utilidad diagnóstica y terapéutica de la EDB en enfermedades del ID. Pacientes, material y método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, de las primeras 20 EDB realizadas en nuestro servicio de endoscopía. Los pacientes fueron referidos por sospecha de patología del ID y contaban con estudios endoscópicos o imagenológicos previos. Se utilizó un videoenteroscopio EN-450, Fujinon, de 2.000 mm de longitud y sobretubo TS-12140 Fujinon. Resultados: se realizaron 20 EDB en 19 pacientes (14 hombres con edad promedio de 52,2 años y 5 mujeres con edad promedio de 58,6 años). El abordaje oral fue de elección en 15 procedimientos y el anal en cuatro, un paciente requirió doble abordaje. La indicación más frecuente fue la búsqueda de sangrado intestinal de origen desconocido y el hallazgo más común fueron las angiodisplasias, que fueron tratadas con coagulación con gas argón. Conclusiones: la EDB es una herramienta útil y necesaria para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las patologías del ID, pudiendo brindar a nuestros pacientes una solución terapéutica que hasta hace pocos años no era posible en nuestro país.

Abstract Introduction: the capsule endoscopy video and the double balloon enteroscopy have dramatically changed diagnosis and treatment of small intestine pathologies. Objective: to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of double balloon enteroscopy in small intestine diseases. Patients, material and method: we conducted a retrospective, descriptive study on the first 20 double balloon enteroscopies performed in our endoscopy service. Patients were referred for suspicion of small intestine pathology, and they had previous endoscopic exams or imagenology. An EN-450, 2,000 mm long Fujinon and TS-12140 overtube videoenteroscopy was used. Results: 20 double balloon enteroscopies were performed in 19 patients (14 men, average age was 58.6 years old). Oral approach was chosen in 15 procedures and the anal in four, a patient required double approach. The most frequent indication was search for intestine bleeding of unknown origin, and the most common finding was angiodysplasias, which were treated with argon gas coagulation. Conclusions: double balloon enteroscopies is a useful and necessary tool for the diagnosis and treatment of small intestine pathologies, and we were able to provide our patients with a therapy solution that was not available until recently.

Resumo Introdução: a cápsula endoscópica (VCE) e a enteroscopia de balão duplo (EDB) mudaram radicalmente o diagnóstico e o tratamento das patologias do intestino delgado (ID). Objetivo: avaliar a utilidade diagnóstica e terapêutica da EDB nas patologias do ID. Pacientes, material e método: um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, das primeiras 20 EDB realizadas no nosso serviço de endoscopia foi realizado. Os pacientes foram referidos por suspeita de patologia do ID e já haviam realizado estudos endoscópicos ou imagenológicos. Utilizou-se um enteroscópio EN-450, Fujinon de 2.000 mm de comprimento e overtube TS-12140 Fujinon. Resultados: foram realizadas 20 EDB em 19 pacientes (14 homens com idade média 52,2 anos e 5 mulheres com idade média 58,6 anos). A abordagem de eleição foi por via oral em 15 procedimentos e por via anal em quatro sendo que foi necessário realizar uma dupla abordagem em um paciente. A indicação mais frequente foi a pesquisa de sangrado intestinal de origem desconhecida e o achado mais comum foi angiodisplasia; estas foram tratadas com coagulação com gás argônio. Conclusões: a EDB é uma ferramenta útil e necessária para o diagnóstico e tratamento das patologias do ID, podendo oferecer a nossos pacientes uma solução terapêutica que não estava disponível no nosso país até pouco tempo atrás.

Linfangiectasias en yeyuno como causa de sangrado digestivo oscuro manifiesto / Clinical case of lymphangiectasia in jejunum as a cause of manifest obscure gastrointestinal bleeding / Clinical case of lymphangiectasia in jejunum as a cause of manifest obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

El sangrado digestivo oscuro constituye entre 10 y 20% de todas las causas de sangrado digestivo. La etiología está claramente relacionada con el grupo etario en que se presente. Las linfangiectasias del yeyuno son una causa rara de sangrado digestivo, pero puede llegar a ser de alta mortalidad en caso de que no se detecte tempranamente. Reportamos un caso de un paciente joven sin historia previa de enfermedad, con sangrado digestivo manifestado por melenas, con anemización severa, con estudios endoscópicos iniciales normales, en quien hacemos abordaje con estudios para intestino delgado (video cápsula endoscópica y enteroscopia anterógrada de doble balón), con los que hacemos el diagnóstico y es llevado a cirugía, con adecuada evolución clínica y curación de la enfermedad. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 158-161).

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is between 10 to 20% of all causes of gastrointestinal bleeding. The etiology is clearly related to the age group in which it is presented. Lymphangiectasia in jejunum is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding, but can have high mortality if not detected early. A case of a young patient with no history of previous disease presenting gastrointestinal bleeding manifested by melaena, with severe anemia and normal initial endoscopic studies, is presented. The diagnosis was made by endoscopic video capsule and antegrade double-balloon enteroscopy and surgery was performed with adequate clinical evolution and cure of the disease. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 158-161).

Design of Adjustable Magnetic Field Generating Device in the Capsule Endoscope Tracking System / 生物医学工程学杂志

The capsule endoscope swallowed from the mouth into the digestive system can capture the images of important gastrointestinal tract regions. It can compensate for the blind spot of traditional endoscopic techniques. It enables inspection of the digestive system without discomfort or need for sedation. However, currently available clinical capsule endoscope has some limitations such as the diagnostic information being not able to correspond to the orientation in the body, since the doctor is unable to control the capsule motion and orientation. To solve the problem, it is significant to track the position and orientation of the capsule in the human body. This study presents an AC excitation wireless tracking method in the capsule endoscope, and the sensor embedded in the capsule can measure the magnetic field generated by excitation coil. And then the position and orientation of the capsule can be obtained by solving a magnetic field inverse problem. Since the magnetic field decays with distance dramatically, the dynamic range of the received signal spans three orders of magnitude, we designed an adjustable alternating magnetic field generating device. The device can adjust the strength of the alternating magnetic field automatically through the feedback signal from the sensor. The prototype experiment showed that the adjustable magnetic field generating device was feasible. It could realize the automatic adjustment of the magnetic field strength successfully, and improve the tracking accuracy.

Tumor maligno primário de intestino delgado: relato de caso / Primary malignant tumor of the small intestine: a case report

Os tumores de intestino delgado são considerados raros, representando apenas 3-6% das neoplasias gastrointestinais. Em geral, possuem sintomatologia inespecífica, diagnóstico difícil e prognóstico ruim. A falta de especificidade dos sintomas e a maior dificuldade de avaliação do intestino delgado têm sido considerados como fatores que contribuem para as apresentações tardias da doença e atraso no diagnóstico. A ressecção cirúrgica é mandatória e as terapias adjuvantes trazem poucos benefícios. Relataremos o caso de uma paciente submetida à enteroscopia de duplo balão por quadro clínico de hemorragia digestiva obscura, sendo diagnosticada uma lesão neoplásica em jejuno proximal.

The small bowel tumors are considered rare, only representing 3-6% of gastrointestinal neoplasms. In general, they exhibit nonspecific symptomatology, difficult diagnosis and a bad prognosis. The lack of symptoms specificity and the small intestine evaluation difficulties are contributing factors to the late appearance of the disease as well as a late diagnosis. The surgical resection is mandatory and the adjuvant therapy offers little benefit. We report a case with clinical presentation of obscure digestive bleeding, submitted to capsule endoscopy followed by double-balloon enteroscopy being diagnosed neoplastic lesion in the proximal jejunum.

A Pilot Trial of Ambulatory Monitoring of Gastric Motility Using a Modified Magnetic Capsule Endoscope

The magnetic capsule endoscope has been modified to be fixed inside the stomach and to monitor the gastric motility. This pilot trial was designed to investigate the feasibility of the magnetic capsule endoscope for monitoring gastric motility. The magnetic capsule endoscope was swallowed by the healthy volunteer and maneuvered by the external magnet on his abdomen surface inside the stomach. The magnetic capsule endoscope transmitted image of gastric peristalsis. This simple trial suggested that the real-time ambulatory monitoring of gastric motility should be feasible by using the magnetic capsule endoscope.

Body Position Adjustment May Facilitate Capsule Endoscopic Real-Time Examination in Patients with a Large Amount of Food Retention in the Stomach

A patient with acute obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was found to have a large amount of food retention in the stomach after fasting for >12 hours. We tried to adjust the patient's body position to facilitate capsule endoscopic examination. The patient laid on the bed on his right side, which is the position required for a normal procedure, and then his hip was raised while his upper body was lowered gradually until the pylorus appeared at the center of the screen of the real-time monitor. It took 15 minutes of body position adjustment to make the pylorus appear at the center of the monitor and another 5 minutes for the capsule endoscope to enter the duodenum. The lesion was ultimately found at the terminal small intestine.

Hemorragia digestiva por GIST de jejuno: contribuição da cápsula endoscópica no diagnóstico / Digestive Bleedin by GIST de jejunum: contribution of capsule endoscopy in the diagnosis

O diagnóstico dos tumores estromais gastrointestinais (GIST) do intestino delgado continua sendo um desafio. Podem se apresentar clinicamente de diferentes formas, sendo a mais comum a hemorragia digestiva de origem obscura. Atualmente dispomos da cápsula endoscópica como método auxiliar de diagnóstico das doenças do intestino delgado, tendo como principal indicação a pesquisa da origem do sangramento do intestino delgado na hemorragia digestiva (principalmente de origem obscura). Relatamos um caso de hemorragia digestiva cujo diagnóstico foi de GIST de jejuno e destacamos a contribuição da cápsula endoscópica para elucidação diagnóstica.

The diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) of the small intestine remains a challenge. It might present clinically in different forms, the most common being gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin. Currently available in capsule endoscopy as an auxiliary method for diagnosing diseases of the small intestine, with the primary indication surveying the site of bleeding in the small bowel gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin. We reported a case of gastrointestinal bleeding which was diagnosed GIST of the jejunum, and highlighted the contribution of capsule endoscopy elucidate the diagnosis.

Role of Enhanced Visibility in Evaluating Polyposis Syndromes Using a Newly Developed Contrast Image Capsule Endoscope

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A flexible spectral imaging color enhancement system was installed in new capsule software for video capsule endoscopy. Contrast image capsule endoscopy (CICE) is a novel technology using light-emitting diodes selected for the main absorption range of hemoglobin. We assessed the feasibility and diagnostic effi cacy for small bowel surveillance in patients with polyposis syndromes. METHODS: Six patients with polyposis syndromes, four with familial adenomatous polyposis and one each with Cowden syndrome (CS) and Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) were examined using CICE. We conducted three evaluations to assess the effect on the numbers of the detected polyps; compare polyp diagnostic rates between adenoma and hamartoma; and assess polyp visibility. RESULTS: The numbers of detected polyps and diagnostic accuracy did not differ signifi cantly between pre-contrast and contrast images. However, 50% of the adenomatous polyps displayed enhanced visibility on contrast images. CICE contrast images exhibited clearly demarcated lesions and improved the visibility of minute structures of adenomatous polyps. Hamartomatous polyp micro-structures in patients with CS and CCS were more clearly visualized on contrast than pre-contrast images. CONCLUSIONS: CICE is an effective tool for enhancing the visibility of polyps in patients with polyposis syndrome.

Diagnostic yield and clinical impact of capsule endoscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding during routine clinical practice: a single-center experience

This study assessed the diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy [CE] and its impact on patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding [OGIB]. Between May 2007 and May 2009, 63 patients with OGIB [overt bleeding: 25, and occult blood loss with chronic ferropenic anemia: 38] and normal upper and lower endoscopy were studied by CE. Demographic characteristics, prior diagnostic tests, CE findings, therapeutic interventions, medical treatment and clinical outcomes following CE were evaluated. The overall diagnostic yield was 44.44% of patients and included findings of angiectasia in 11 [17.46%] patients, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs enteropathy in 6 [9.52%] patients, celiac disease in 3 [4.76%] patients, tumors in 2 [3.17%] patients, and a variety of other diagnoses ranging from varices to ulcers [due to congenital afibrinogenemia and amyloidosis]. The diagnostic yield was notably higher in overt bleeders [15/25, 60%] compared to occult bleeders [13/38, 34.21%; p = 0.044], and in patients with overt bleeding who had CE within the first 10 days [14/16, 87.5%] after the bleeding episode in comparison to overt bleeders who underwent CE >10 days after the bleeding episode [2/16, 11.1%; p < 0.0001]. During follow-up [11.8 +/- 7 months], CE findings led to specific therapy that resolved the underlying disease or improved the clinical condition in 45 of 63 patients, thus having a positive clinical impact of 71.43%. CE has a high diagnostic yield and a positive influence on clinical management in a significant proportion of patients with OGIB. These data further support the role of CE in routine clinical practice

Hemorragia digestiva média e outras indicações de exame com a capsula endoscópica: resultados em uma série consecutiva de 187 pacientes / Avarage gastrointestinal bleeding and other indications of capsule endoscopy examination with the: results in a consecutive series of 187 patients

Objetivo: verificar as indicações e os resultados do emprego da cápsula endoscópica em uma série consecutiva de pacientes, analisando-se, em especial, os casos de hemorragia de causa obscura e também a relação no momento em que o exame foi efetuado em relação à atividade de sangramento. Análises especiais ainda para os casos de exames inconclusivos, cápsulas retidas e lesões fora do delgado. Material e Métodos: 187 pacientes consecutivos submetidos ao exame do intestino delgado pela cápsula foram analisados. Utilizou-se a cápsula da empresa Given, específica para o delgado (versões M2A e PillCam SB), e as análises de imagens foram efetuadas no software específico deste método, versão 5.1. Resultados: 70,5% (132 casos) dos exames foram indicados por hemorragia de causa obscura (64 casos) ou anemia de causa obscura (68 casos). Diarreia, dor abdominal, suspeita de pólipos e outras menos frequentes foram as demais indicações. Dos 187 casos, em 124 deles observaram-se lesões, sendo 101 lesões em delgado e 23 lesões fora do delgado. Em 29,9% dos casos, a cápsula não observou lesões e, em 3,7% do total de casos, o exame foi inconclusivo. Em 5 casos (2,6%), a cápsula ficou retida. As lesões vasculares do intestino delgado representaram o diagnóstico mais frequente e, quando da análise dos casos de hemorragia em relação ao momento do sangramento, demonstrou-se um percentual de 69,5% de encontro de lesões no paciente com sangramento ativo, 77,7% no paciente com sangramento recente e 64,6% no paciente examinado fora do episódio hemorrágico. Conclusões: a hemorragia digestiva ou a anemia, de causa obscura, foi a indicação mais frequente (70,5%) do exame do delgado com a cápsula endoscópica. Na análise dos resultados em 66,3% dos exames efetuados, a cápsula demonstrou lesões, inclusive fora do delgado. As lesões vasculares foram as mais encontradas e, nos casos de hemorragia/anemia de causa obscura, a capacidade da cápsula em encontrar lesões foi maior nos pacientes que efetuaram o exame durante o episódio hemorrágico, ou logo após do mesmo, do que em pacientes nos quais o exame foi feito distante deste episódio, embora estes resultados não tivessem relevância estatística. Exames inconclusivos tiveram um percentual de 3,7% dos casos e, em 2,6% dos casos, a cápsula ficou retida em estenoses do delgado.

Objectives: to verify the indications and results of the use of endoscopy capsule in a consecutive series of patients, especially the cases of obscure bleeding cause with the moment when the examination was made (related to bleeding activity). Special analysis for the cases not conclusive yet, retained capsules and lesions out of small bowel. Materials and Methods: 187 consecutive patients underwent the small bowel examination by the capsule were analyzed. A capsule from the Given company was used, it is specific for small bowel (M2A e PillCam SB) and the analyses were made in this brand-specific software, version 5,1. Results: in the analysis it was observed that 70,5% of them (132 cases) were indicated by obscure bleeding cause (64 cases) or obscure anemia cause (68 cases). Diarrhea, abdominal pain, suspected polyps and others least often were the other indications. From the 187 cases, in 124 of them were observed lesions, 101 of them in the small bowel and 23 lesions out of it. In 29,9% of the cases the capsule did not observed lesions and in 3,7% of all cases the examination was inconclusive. In 5 cases (2,6%) the capsule was retained. Vascular lesions of the small bowel were the most frequent diagnosis, and the bleeding causes analysis, in relation to the bleeding moment, 69,5% of lesions in the patient with the active bleeding were showed, 77,7% in the patient with recent bleeding and 64,6% in the patient whose examination was out of the bleeding episode. Conclusion: gastrointestinal bleeding and/or obscure anemia cause were the most frequent indication (70,5%) of the small bowel examination with the endoscopy capsule. In the results analysis, in 66,3% of the examinations made, the capsule showed lesion(s), even out of the small bowel. Vascular lesions were the most found and in the obscure bleeding/anemia cause cases the capsules capacity to find lesions was higher in patients that did the examination during the bleeding episode or just after it, than in patients that the examination was done far from the episode. Inconclusive examinations had a percentage of 3,7 of cases and in 2,6% of cases the capsule was retained in small bowel stenosis.

Review of the active locomotion system for capsule endoscope / 生物医学工程学杂志

This review summarized the progress of researches on the active locomotion system for capsule endoscope, analyzed the moving and controlling principles in different locomotion systems, and compared their merits and shortcomings. Owing to the complexity of human intestines and the limits to the size and consumption of locomotion system from the capsule endoscope, there is not yet one kind of active locomotion system currently used in clinical practice. The locomotive system driven by an outer rotational magnetic field could improve the commercial endoscope capsule, while its magnetic field controlling moving is complex. Active locomotion system driven by shape memory alloys will be the orientated development and the point of research in the future.